The impact of the decision on the social work profession Free Essays

string(160) qualified Working Together for Safeguard Children (DfES, 2010) with the expressed goal of cooperating to shield and advance the government assistance of children. Presentation The spot, reason and estimation of kids in the public eye has without a doubt advanced essentially close by human rights improvement over the most recent hundred years. Outright parental rights were the privilege of the guardians with practically no state intercession and youngsters were viewed as an expansion to the work power of the family, a thought which is no longer piece of open arrangement. For sure, even in instances of genuine maltreatment or shelter of youngsters, they were frequently ‘reassigned’ to another parent-ace with no guideline regarding their training or prosperity. We will compose a custom article test on The effect of the choice on the social work calling or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Plainly, the spot of youngsters in the public arena has moved past this old cultural framework and now kids appreciate various rights through national enactment and worldwide shows bearing them more prominent assurance by the state and privilege to certain fundamental administrations and organizations. Critically there is an elevated level of state mediation in the lives of kids which checks parental rights work out. This paper looks to inspect the need of the assurance given to kids in the United Kingdom and the degree to which strategy and enactment exists to uphold the targets of youngster insurance. It's a given that with respect to all issues of human rights there is huge third area inclusion. This by and large isn't identified with explicit human rights authorization, yet rather backing bunches that crusade for execution and successful organization of youngster insurance arrangements. These ‘human rights watchdogs’ are a basic piece of the framework as they guarant ee responsibility and much of the time drive change that would not in any case be organized because of requirements on schedule and assets. Its a well known fact that there are critical asset requirements on social specialists and the division by and large, and these have been all around reported and talked about. The ongoing Serious Case Review (SCR) identifying with child Peter Conolly has been a prominent and all around reported case of the disappointment of certain social government assistance administrations prompting the disastrous passing of a newborn child (DfES, 2009). The demise of infant Peter started a progression of investigations into the social government assistance administrations coordinated at the security of kids and many were seen as insufficient and tormented by asset limitations. Regardless of the way that these restrictions are notable to every pertinent partner, there is a colossal weight set on social specialists to play out their occupations adequately. On account of child Peter, the two social laborers included were excused and lost various resulting advances to upset their excusal. Integral to the contention introduced by these experts was the absence of help and the gigantic caseload that they were relied upon to oversee. This paper along these lines will decide if this weight set on the social government assistance administrations to perform as indicated by strategy desires is nonsensical in the conditions. It will be contended that without suitable financing and survey of organization forms, social work establishments and experts won't have the option to fulfill needs and desires, and until such time as these are looked into events, for example, that of the passing of infant Peter will keep on being a sad word related danger. Kid Protection Law and Policy Components of kid assurance activities are peppered all through the lawful framework again exhibiting the state and worldwide duty to the security of youngsters for the most part. In particular are the privileges of kids perceived in the European Convention of Human Rights 1950 (ECHR) as brought into national enactment by the Human Rights Act 1998. Further there is the United Nation Convention on the Rights of a Child (UNCRC), the European Convention on the Exercise of Children Rights 1996 (ECECR), the Childrens Act 1989, the Adoption and Children Act 2002, the Children and Adoption Act 1996 and even certain arrangements of the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000. These laws and shows include the structure around which strategy rotates. They spread fundamental human rights, insurance conventions and techniques, and even preliminary privileges of a kid. While the specific substance of these rights isn't carefully applicable to the current conversation, get the job done to say that there is an away from by the state to the insurance of youngsters. Following the genuine case audit for the demise of Victoria Climbie, the Department of Education framed an arrangement activity called Every Child Matters: Change for Children which has been adulated for its commitment to the kid security activity advocated by the express (The Lord Laming, 2009). Each Child Matters was the antecedent to the Childrens Act 2004 and still observes wide help from experts broadly. In addition to other things Every Child Matters pushed a coordinated way to deal with youngster insurance including data sharing and a bound together bleeding edge of help (DfES, 2004). Significantly, this arrangement activity was likewise founded on the idea of early mediation and distinguished five standards major to kid government assistance, in particular being solid, remaining safe, getting a charge out of and accomplishing, making a positive commitment and accomplishing financial prosperity (DfES, 2004). These objectives were determined to a multi year time span with a sig nificant improvement in the contribution by particular offices dependent on collaboration, anyway with the biggest intercession required by nearby power. Each Child Matters put accentuation on the need to have a talented and powerful workforce (DfES, 2004). The significant contemplations of this approach activity were by in huge focused on forestalling the disappointments of the government assistance framework that prompted the passing of Victoria Climbie. While this was a particular reaction, the disappointments of the office in this circumstance were not special to the case and a considerable lot of the genuine case audits from that point forward have featured comparative inadequacies with the conspicuous comparator being that of Peter Conolly (DfES, 2009). Despite the fact that it has been recognized that there has been progress concerning kid insurance (The Lord Laming, 2009), it is additionally recognized that there is an abundance of inadequacies progress still to be made. A further distribution by the division of Education confining the participation required among establishments and organizations, private and state driven was distributed qualified Working Together for Safeguard Children (DfES, 2010) with the expressed goal of cooperating to shield and advance the government assistance of youngsters. You read The effect of the choice on the social work calling in class Exposition models This strategy plots practices and conventions for government assistance experts and other related offices so as to share data for the assurance of youngsters. The Lord Laming calls attention to that frequently in genuine case surveys it is obvious that wise utilization of the methods could have spared lives (2009; 10). These disappointments feature the innate issues in the social government assistance framework, where despite the fact that huge advancement has been made towards interagency working and data sharing to ensure kids, there is as yet far to go. Huge numbers of these limitations and disappointments in this way are plainly not explicitly identified with procedure and system and thusly unmistakably the disappointments are identified with different imperatives on the social government assistance experts. As it were, unmistakably the aims and structure for successful youngster security is available, anyway the disappointment in specific cases to do so features the weaknesses of different variables. Restrictions and Shortcomings Obviously there is nobody purpose behind the disappointment of certain social government assistance administrations, anyway there is a general agreement on the variables adding to these disappointments. In a survey on the social work practice for the most part, it has been recognized that there are factors adding to these disappointments imparting bureaucratic propensities into the applicable specialists (Munro, 2011). In reality it was brought up that there is a propensity on account of genuine case surveys to concentrate on proficient mistake instead of the reason for such blunder (Munro, 2011). This is plainly obvious on the off chance that one glances at the SCR of Peter Conolly (DfES, 2009). The contention progressed by the social government assistance experts for this situation rotated to a great extent around the overburdened caseload on the laborers at the hour of the circumstance paving the way to child Peters passing (Christou, 2012). Despite the fact that it was reasoned t hat a genuine mistake in proficient judgment was a main source to the demise of the baby, it was referenced more than once that there was a staffing issue in the office at that point and accordingly, an overburdened caseload. This is certainly not a novel contention as it has been noted in various reports that under staffing and over troubling, combined with various different issues, is a main source of inability to fulfill interest for social work cases (The Lord Laming, 2009; BASW, 2012; Munro, 2011). On the off chance that one takes this further considering approach targets, most likely these disappointments can't be credited then to the individual social government assistance proficient. Each Child Matters called for institutional responsibility for inability to secure youngsters which includes cross-hierarchical collaboration and correspondence. The disappointment along these lines of social government assistance experts because of an overburdened caseload ought to be ascribed to the association that they speak to, except if there is away from of expert carelessness or a mistake in proficient judgment. By neglecting to assess authoritative disappointment in these SCR one is declining to represent these asset

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Five Controversial Argumentative Views That Constitute a Proper Aim of Essay

Five Controversial Argumentative Views That Constitute a Proper Aim of Law - Essay Example Over himself, over his own body and psyche, the individual is sovereign.† Mills was a British logician, market analyst and government worker and an extremely persuasive supporter of the thoughts of his time in social hypothesis, political hypothesis, and political economy. His idea of freedom gave full oversight and opportunity to the individual and restricted boundless state control. Mills’ hypothesis pardons people who are â€Å"incapable of self-government† from this rule, for example, small kids or those living in â€Å"backward conditions of society.† Mills additionally felt that (oppression) is a satisfactory type of government for social orders that are â€Å"backward,† as long as the outright ruler has the eventual benefits of the individuals on the most fundamental level. Be that as it may, the hypothesis has entanglements as â€Å"harms† may incorporate activities that are excluded just as demonstrations of commission. Neglecting to safeguard a suffocating youngster or neglecting to settle charges, both are hurtful exclusions that might be managed by law. Plants didn't imagine that offense established â€Å"harm†; in any case, an activity could be abridged on the off chance that it disregarded the ethics of a general public. He additionally fought that free discourse is an essential condition for scholarly and social advancement. He was popular for being one of the main supporters of rights for ladies. In his book â€Å"The Subjection of Women† he calls attention to three significant features frustrating ladies, society and sexual orientation development, training, and marriage. His arrangement of the â€Å"greatest-satisfaction principle† is his most celebrated hypothesis. It specified that an individual should consistently act in order to deliver the best satisfaction among feeling creatures sensibly speaking. He additionally felt that scholarly and moral delights were a higher priority t han physical types of joy. He put stock in free markets and acknowledged mediation in the economy for charge on liquor and upheld enactment on creature government assistance. John Austin was a prominent British legal adviser and creator of law and law. He built up a hypothesis called â€Å"legal positivism.† This essential hypothesis of law expresses that there is no relationship between the legitimacy of a law and morals and ethical quality. Consequently, by â€Å"legal positivism† the law is viewed as discrete from good and moral qualities. It believes the law to be concentrated by administrators who are people. It doesn't give any genuine reason for contending against the legitimacy of any law dependent on the substance, regardless of how loathsome to the ethical quality of any individual. The contention depends exclusively on the idea of the law being a human establishment. Gerald Dworkin is a teacher of good, political and lawful way of thinking. He is noted for h is turn of events and works on â€Å"moral paternalism†, which alludes to a disposition or arrangement dependent on the pecking order of a families’ CEO or authority. His exploration incorporates thoughts of the nature and support of self-government or the privilege of self-government. His latest book shields doctor helped self destruction. In it he contends that specialists who affirm of halting life support at the patient’s demand, giving help with discomfort medicine that slaughters the patient, or who endorses terminal sedation are conflicting in censuring doctor helped self destruction. â€Å"Legal moralism† is a hypothesis of law which extends that laws might be utilized to forbid or require a certain

Analysis of Arrow of God - Literature Essay Samples

In Chinua Achebes Arrow of God, tragedy is the driving force of the plot and the development of Ezeulu’s character. Contrary to the popular saying â€Å"that which does not kill you makes you stronger,† the successive and increasingly personal tragedies that befall Ezeulu fuel his descent from the wise and highly respected high priest of his people to a petty and spiteful man, perfectly willing to starve his people for a perceived slight. Ezeulu is corrupted by power, and as his family and village heed his advice less and less, he exerts more and more power to sway them until he nearly leads his people into catastrophe. In the beginning, Ezeulu truly is a wise man, and his advice on the conflict between Umuaro and Okperi is some of the little sound leadership Ezeulu displays through the entire novel. Not only does Ezeulu display integrity in his advice not to go to war over land that rightfully belongs to Okperi (Achebe 26), but Ezeulu also correctly predicts that Akukalia is too hot headed to send as a diplomat in the land dispute. When Akukalia and the other diplomats arrive in Okperi, they refuse all friendly rituals in favor of simply demanding an audience with the elders. Their hosts are understandably offended by this and an insult to Akukalia’s manhood sets Akukalia on a rampage, ending with an Okperi idol destroyed and Akukalia dead. This first tragedy precipitates the chain that leads to Ezeulu’s eventual downfall. For, this tragedy begins the war between Umuaro and Okperi, and, Ezeulu’s and Nwaka’s differing opinions on the war set their villages (Umuachala and Umunneora respectively) at odds. It is this conflict between Nwaka and Ezeulu, and Umuneora and Umuachala that sets the stage for Ezeulu’s eventual downfall. Prior to this point in the story, Ezeulu was truly a servant of his people. The book describes Ezeulu watching the night sky for days to ensure he saw the new moon and completed the necessary ceremonies (Achebe 1). This conflict is the first time that Ezeulu’s word is not obeyed by Umuaro and the first time that Ezeulu is put at odds with any part of the village. At this point, the seeds of resentment are planted. Ezeulu now mistrusts at least some of his village and thinks less of the rest for following Nwaka and not his own advice. By the time Ezeulu leaves for Okperi to meet with Winterbottom, his mistrust if his village has crystallized. When Winterterbottom falls ill and Clarke keeps Ezeulu waiting, Ezeulu is already hoping that he is kept longer so that he can plot revenge against the village. On page 161, he thinks to himself, â€Å"Let the white man detain him not for one day but one year so that his deity not seeing him in his place would ask Umuaro questions.† This thought, combined with his earlier conviction to not look for the new moon while in Okperi (Achebe 159), demonstrates that even before his imprisonment, Ezeulu has lost his way and has turned against his people. Ezeulu is imprisoned by the British for the â€Å"crime† of not accepting the title of Warrant Chief for thirty-two days. Including the four days it took before Clarke met with Ezeulu, Ezeulu was away from Umuaro for 36 days and two new moons and thus was unable to eat the sacred yams. In this way, the tragedy of Ezeuluà ¢â‚¬â„¢s imprisonment allows Ezeulu to take revenge by providing an excuse to delay the harvest and cause famine. Despite realizing that his close friends and family are not against him or Ulu, Ezeulu carries out his plan and refuses to allow a harvest and insists that the village wait an extra two moon cycles to harvest to account for the two new moon he missed in Okperi. Here, Ezeulu’s arrogance and spitefulness begin the final downfall of Ulu, tradition, and indeed his own final downfall. The death of Ezeulu’s son Obika is a final insult before Ezeulu fades into obscurity. Ezeulu’s plan for revenge is successful and Umuaro starves for a time, until the villagers slowly convert to Christianity. The local church promises immunity from the wrath of Ulu, and the people choose to eat as Christians rather than die following Ulu and Ezeulu. Ezeulu’s fears of the whole village turning against him and against Ulu materialized, and the great tragic irony of it all is that Ezeulu’s plans for revenge to punish the people for disobeying him and Ulu is the very thing that drove them to convert. In the end, not even the book remembers how Ezeulu died, his importance had waned so much. Ezeulu, and Ulu with him, simply fade into obscurity. Ezeulu’s authority as a leader replaced by the British, and the religion of Ulu replaced by Christianity. Both British political officers of similar rank, Clarke and Winterbottom have understandably similar views on the natives, and, both have a devotion to their jobs and a desire for British plans to succeed in Nigeria, despite not always agreeing with their superiors’ directives. The primary difference between Clarke and Winterbottom is that, whereas Clarke believes that native institutions are not all bad, Winterbottom can only see the worst in the natives. The first indication of this ideological difference comes early in the book, when Clarke and Winterbottom are discussing The Pacification of the Primitive tribes of the Lower Niger, which Winterbottom had previously loaned to Clarke. On page 35, Clarke indicates that while he enjoyed the book, he felt that the author did not give enough credit to native institutions. Winterbottom immediately replies that Clarke is merely inexperienced and will eventually think like the author of the book and himself. He punctuates this with an anecdote about finding a man buried alive up to his neck, and baited with yams and left to the vultures. At this point, Winterbottom credits the French with developing a better approach. Whereas the English have allowed the natives autonomy, the French simply took what they wanted through force. Although Clarke quickly changes the subject, later, he expresses similar admiration on the French and their more direct methods of colonization (Achebe 106). Despite their shared admiration of the French, they have different underlying reasons for preferring French directness. In the case of Winterbottom, Winterbottom admires the French for their disinterest in the natives. Winterbottom also admires that the French simply take what they want from the natives, whom Winterbottom views as savages, through force. However, Clarke admires the French because they have cut through bureaucracy, although the methods they employed are problematic. On page 106, Clarke thinks to himself, â€Å"The French made up their minds about what they wanted to do and did it. The British, on the other hand, never did a nything without first sending out a Commission of Inquiry to discover all the facts.† In contrast to the ideologically and politically motivated officers, Wright is a crude man who enjoys his earthly pleasures. Wright is known to enjoy the company of native women. While even Clarke is interested, Wright is the only European in the district that acts on these desires openly. This fraternization puts Wright and the natives on the same level, at least by some measures. Mr Wright also whips the natives, and his inconsistency hurts his image with the natives. On page 82, immediately before Wright whips Obika, the narrator explains that â€Å"although the white man always carried a whip he had rarely used it; and when he had done he had appeared to be half joking.† When Wight whips Obika, it is the first time he truly whips any of his workers. The savage whipping stirs dissent among the road workers. They begin to question why they work without pay when other natives are paid. We never see anything come of this situation beyond conversations between Clarke and Winter bottom, but natives were indeed questioning the authority of the British. This is one of the few instances in the book when any group of natives move towards a return to traditions of their own accord. When the villagers disregard Ezeulu’s advice against going to war, this is their first real rejection of Ulu and thus symbolically traditional Africa. They disregard tradition and old values for a petty land grab. It is this departure from traditional values that allows the British influence over Umuaro. Had the people of Umuaro trusted in Ezeulu and conceded the land to Okperi, the natives would not have allowed the British to establish themselves as the true central authority of the area. On page 28, it is stated that â€Å"The white man, not satisfied that he had stopped the war, had gathered all the guns in Unuaro and asked the soldiers to break them in the face of all Afterwards he sat in judgement over Umuaro and Okperi and gave the disputed land to Okperi.† The British break their guns, taking away their capacity to resist: this maneuver serves as a public show of force, and the people of Umuaro submit to the British judgement and drop their claims to Okperi†™s land. The second rejection of traditional Africa comes about from Ezeulu’s guidance, at least indirectly. Ezeulu had sent his son Oduche to study Christianity under British missionaries, the intent being to have a close set of eyes on the British (Achebe 42). However, rather than feed Ezeulu information, Oduche appears to simply convert. Oduche rejects several traditional ceremonies over the course of the book and fails to provide any useful information to Ezeulu. Oduche’s rejection of tradition reaches a peak when he attempts to suffocate a sacred python to death in a box. Oduche is Ezeulu’s son and is thus an extension of Ezeulu and his household. If Ezeulu represents traditional Africa, then Oduche represents the very beginnings of the new colonial Africa. Oduche is unable to bring himself to kill the python outright and attempts to kill it passively by suffocating it. His failure to kill the python shows that Oduche’s conversion is incomplete and that he sti ll harbors serious reservations about this change to a new order. Oduche is content with simply learning the new dogma; it is only under pressure that he makes his half-hearted attempt to extinguish past traditions. In the end, however, it is not the young’s conversion that puts an end to traditional Africa, but the inflexibility of traditional Africa. Although Ezeulu’s decision to delay the harvest is largely driven by a personal agenda, it is in line with the strict interpretation of the religion of Ulu. Ezeulu makes up his mind while brooding in prison, and, even after being reminded that not all of Umuaro is against him and Ulu, his mind is set, and he follows through with his revenge. Ezeulu was inflexible due to his fear of his people turning away from Ulu, and his people turned away from Ulu because Ezeulu was inflexible. Achebe never explicitly states that Ezeulu died, much less how or when. And this ambiguity reflects the ambiguity of traditional Africa’s death. One cannot point to one year or one event and say here is where and when traditional Africa died. Rather, traditional Africa was gradually replaced by the new colonial Africa.

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Reconstruction Of The Civil War - 1054 Words

As the civil war was ending many people could see that the odds of the north winning increased dramatically however many people can argue this idea based on the several events that took place during the second phase of the civil war. Carl Schurz concluded, â€Å"The Civil War was a revolution, but half accomplished.†(Roark et al 434) Reconstruction started before the civil war ended until 1877, when people of the United States tried figuring out how to put the country back together. Many people had different ideas on how the reconstruction should be handled as a result conflict began between different political groups, between groups in the south, between north and south, and between congress and senate groups. The dramatic transformation of southern states took place during the reconstruction that proved their victory was the organization and formation of government, being reunited in the union, and acquiring constitutional and legal status of African Americans. In 1863 Lincoln’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction plan was created for a rapid forgiving restoration of a broken union therefore granting Southern states political power, create new constitutions, organize new government, and create new legislatures within each state. In the beginning this sounded great for all parties but in reality the South encountered difficult circumstances before it was effective. In 1865 Andrew Johnson became president he supported white supremacy and defender ofShow MoreRelatedReconstruction Of The Civil War1108 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica’s Mindset Although the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the Reconstruction brought great hope to America’s four million former slaves, the efforts of Congressional Reconstruction ultimately failed to establish equal rights for the freedmen because the racist mindset still dominated American society at the time and Democratic influence steadily overcame Republican control in Congress. Despite the Union’s victory, the end of the Civil War brought many significant national problemsRead MoreThe Civil War and Reconstruction1315 Words   |  5 Pages Reconstruction The main issue between the states that seceded from the Union and those that remained in the former unity was that of states rights, of which the right for citizens to own slaves was of primary concern. It is often argued that one or the other was the main reason for the conflict, but they both played a major part because the people of the Northern United States and the Southern states of the nation lived such different lives. It is true that people in the North had owned slavesRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War951 Words   |  4 PagesHistory 11 7 May 2015 Reconstruction In the beginning of 1865, the Civil War came to a close, abandoning over 620,000 dead and a destructive path of devastating all over the south. 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This time was known as the Reconstruction period and it was a very controversial time. There were many issues that had to be addressed such as what to do with the free blacks in the south and how states would be readmitted to the Union. This era saw the rise of the Radical Republicans. The government was going through changes, southerners were going through changes, and blacks were going through changes. WhitesRead MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction1357 Words   |  6 PagesCivil War/ Reconstruction - Following the Civil War, the United State s underwent a huge process of reconstruction to unifying and reconstructing the war-torn state. The nation still remained utterly divided between North and South in essentially all aspects of life including religion, race, and government. President Andrew Johnson,who succeeded President Abraham Lincoln enacted various policies in order to unite the country. These policies included friendly policies that pardoned Southerners whileRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War879 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War can be described as one of the bloodiest and gruesome war ever fought on American soil. The Civil War was fought between the Union and the Confederates. The Civil War lasted for 5 years and during that 5 year period many people ended up dying, 620,000 people to be exact and millions injured, but while the numbers can be appalling; it isn t even the beginning. The war led a schism to happen in the U.S, the whole country was divided and devastated. Abraham Lincoln the presiden t who

Human Disease and Their Control Essay Example For Students

Human Disease and Their Control Essay follow up questions 1a) When people refer to pathogens, they are talking about bacteria that cause disease. 1b)The toxins actually excreted by the pathogens are the main cause of diseases although thetoxins are only by-products of the pathogens metabolism. 2a)In most cases, the toxins excreted by the pathogens find there way into the circulatory system. Thus, sometimes, the infection is caused somewhere else from where the toxins were excreted. An example of this would be Rheumatic fever. The toxins that caYet another example of where the disease is in a different location then where the toxin was released is Dipheria. The pathogen that causes Diptheria is usually located in the throat. As the toxin is released, it travels all the way to affect limb muscle2b) Examples of where the disease is at the site of the bacteria could be Tetanus and Tuberculosis. The tetanus bacteria releases a deadly toxin which can affect the whole body which causes paralyzation. As it affects the whole body, the disease would mos3a) In our environment, we encounter all sorts of micro-organisms. Sometimes these air-borne diseases are pathogens and could cause and make one sick. Examples of air-borne pathogens that cause diseases are the ones that cause whoopin g cough, scarlet feve3b) An example for this kind of transmission would be the kind of pathogens found in feces. Typhoid fever is one of the kinds of diseases that are transmitted through water as these pathogens are found in feces. The feces released would sooner or later fi4a) Besides transmitting disease through everyday drinking water and the air, another way of transmitting diseases are by contact. Chicken Pox and Small Pox are some of the many diseases that can be caused by contact. 4b) Veneral diseases like gonorrhea and syphilis can also be transmitted by contact. 5a) An example of a disease that can be transmitted if there is a wound would be our very familiar Tetanus. An example of how someone would acwuire tetanus from a wound would be like this:The construction worker moves around a lot and works very hard. Down on the floor is a tetanus infected nail. As the worker is too busy caring for his job, he accidently steps on the nail and gives the tetanus bacteria a chance to get into the body. The 6a) Immune carriers can be classified as those who have recovered from a certain disease and is immune to it, but still carries the pathogens. The immune carriers show no indecation of a disease with no symptoms, but this carrier can still trnasmit these 6b) One major disease carrier is the Anthropod. They pick up the pathogens in their food, where they walk and other places. As they carry the disease, they move to other places either for food or shelter purposes. When they bite or sting other organisms, 7) The skin is the main protector from pathoge ns. The first line of defense is the structure of the skin itself. It is almost impossible for pathogens to pass the skin layer. Those who do would go through the pores in our skin. The second line of defense 8a) Some cells that engulf pathogens are known as phagocytes. This is so because the phagocytes engulf the pathogens through a special process known as phagocytosis. An example of a phagocyte would be blood cells known as leucocytes. The whole job of thes8b) What many people refer to as Pus is actually the left overs of dead leucocytes and pathogens. 8c) Serious infections cause the swelling of the nymph nodes as there are too many dead leucocytes and pathogens to store for excretion from the body. .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520 , .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520 .postImageUrl , .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520 , .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520:hover , .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520:visited , .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520:active { border:0!important; } .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520:active , .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520 .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13aa9c6a2094cd62c88425f94ced8520:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Meliville Sophocles Discussion Essay9a) Antigens are foriegn proteins to the human body. In turn, these foreign proteins cause a reaction. Usually, the main cause of these foreign proteins would be toxins from pathogens or micro-organisms. 9b) When an antigen enters the body, a certain reaction occurs. When it has been found out that an antigen really is present, it causes the spleen and the lymph nodes to produce a substance known as antibody. This antibody is a specifically desgined aubst9c) An antitoxin is a kind of antibody. This kind of antobody is specifically used to go after toxins release by these pathogens. Once the antitoxin locates the toxin released by harmful pathogens, the antitoxin would go and destroy it. 10a) The general definition of an immunity is the ability for an organism to confront pathogens that can cause diseases. 10b) Immunity can be acquired by inheriting it. Inherited immunity is with you when you are born and is usually passed down to you by your mother. Another name for an inherited immunity is species immunity. This is sometimes true when the whole species 10c) The definition for acquired immunity is the immunity acquired in time when you recover from diseases and gain an antibody for that perticular disease. Acquired immunity could be with you when you are born. 11a) One of the main difference and the most important difference between active and passive immunity is that passive immunity is where the antibody is directly injected into the host causing immediate effect. Active immunity is where a small dosage of th11b) Naturally acquired active immunity is when you get infected from your environment and in time you recover from it and gain an immunity. Artificially acquired active immunity is when you get a vacine from a clinic or hospital where you develop your im11c) Natural acquired passive disease can be gained from your mother when you are born. Where the antibody is directly passed onto to you. An artificially acquired passive disease would be when the doctor gives you an injection of an antibody for immediat12a) A vaccine is a way to acquire artificial active immunity. It is usually dead pathogens or weakened pathogens. This dosage would not get you ill be just enough for you body to have reactions and make their own antibodies. 12b) A toxoid is a vaccine which consists of weakened toxins instead of the weakened or dead oathogens themselves. 12c) A serum is a substance used for artificial passove immunity. 13a) Antibiotics are something produced by an organism to prevent or slow down the growth of pathogens. 13b) Some commonly used antibiotics would be penicillin, erythromycin, streptomycin, neomycin, and terra mycin. 13c) The problem with antibiotics is that too much or over dosage would kill even the bacteria in our stomach and sooner or later, the pathogens would develop a strain which would not be affected by this antibiotic. Human Disease and Their Control